Annotated Bibliography
1. Fisher, A. Jill. 2002. T attooing the Body, Marking Culture. SAGE Publications.
This source was significant in that it described both the ethnocultural context and the history of tattoos, in great detail. Author, Jill Fisher, first gives a detailed description of the known history of tattoos, beginning with an explaination of how this history is "difficult to trace." This material explains the process that took place in order for the word 'tattoo' to emerge into European culture, beginning with the Greeks and the Romans. Fisher informs the readers that the term, 'stigma,' or 'stigmata,' is the basis for the concept of tattooing. As the first tattoo was used to mark criminals and slaves, it is based on a stigma that identies the 'other person,' as different from the rest. The ethno cultural context today has proven to be young American people, with men being the main demographic group to get tattooed, recently however, women have taken up a larger percent of this population. Fisher explains that in the way that tattoos were a stigma in the past for criminals and slaves, today they have turned into a stigma for expression, instead of condemnation.
2. An Encyclopedia Britannica Company, 1982. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.
This source was significant in that it provided the definitions of piercings, tattoos and the practice of scarification. The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines tattooing as a "permanent mark or design made on the skin by a process of pricking and ingraining an indelible pigment or by raising scars." It also defines piercings as, "the practice or an instance of adhorning the body with jewelry or ornamentation that penetrates the flesh." Finally it defines scarification as, "the act or process of scarifying or a mark made by scarifying." Throughout this website, I have been able to use these definitions to set a background for each of my informative pages.
3. Robers,P.Lucy. September 12, 2004. History of Body Piercings-Ancient and Fascinating Around the World. Retrieved on May 7th, 2013. http://enzinearticles.com/?The-History-of-Body-Piercings---Ancient-and-Fascinating-Around-the-World&id=2948
This resource was significant in that it gave a step by step, detailed account of the history of Body Piercings. Throughout the resource, several instances where society has had a resurgance of interest in Body Piercings. The first resurgance takes place in Eqyptian culture where they loved to adhorn themselves with elaborate fashions, therefore their body piercings reflected love of beauty. The second resurgance is seen in the time of Rome, mainly as a badge of honour amoung Roman Centurians, their body piercings were not necessarily to serve the purpose of beauty. Next were the Aztecs, Mayan and American Indian settlers, who seemed to place their interest in tongue piercings as religious rituals. Next came the Victorian and Elizabethan eras, men and women were seemingly infatuated in peircing their nipples and other sexual body parts for "pleasure." The last resurgance appeared in the 1980's amoung U.S. citizens, once mainstream celebrities became involved, there was no stopping the trend this time.
4. M in General Society. January 12, 2013. Body Piercing is increasing in popularity amoung youth today but their is no consensus as to reasons behind the trend. Retrieved on May 7th, 2013. http://jottedlines.com/society/body-piercing-is-increasing-in-popularity
This resource was significant in that it outlined the ethno cultural context of Body Piercing, which demographic population is most likely to engage in body piercings, and why this form of body modification is chosen. In the United States, it has been estimated that 1 in 5 females either peirces her body or gets a tattoo, therefore making the practice of body piercing, more prevelant amoung females. Although the female population is overtaking the body piercing phenomenon, males have been known to participate at some level. Where females are more likely to pierce a revealed body part to show it off, males are more likely to pierce a sexual body part such as nipples or genitals. An individual may choose to obtain a piercing to be fashionable and because they "have always wanted one." People from other walks of life, veiw this trend differently in the sense that they wish to have ownership and control of their own physiques.
5. National Geographic Society. October 28, 2010. Scarification: Ancient Body Art Leaving New Marks, National Geographic. Pg. 1. Retrieved on May 7th, 2013. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/07/0728-tvtabooscars_2.html
This source was significant in that it briefly describes both the ethno cultural context and the historical context, while explaining why the practice is used. This practice is most common amoung native cultures, such as Papua New Guinea's Sepik region. They use scarification as a rite of passage for young men, with the belief that crocodiles created humans. Another native culture that practices scarification are the Aboriginal people in Australia, who believe that tribe members without scarified skin are not permitted to participate in many tribal activities. The history of scarification is the exact same as that of the tattoo, with only slight differences.
This source was significant in that it described both the ethnocultural context and the history of tattoos, in great detail. Author, Jill Fisher, first gives a detailed description of the known history of tattoos, beginning with an explaination of how this history is "difficult to trace." This material explains the process that took place in order for the word 'tattoo' to emerge into European culture, beginning with the Greeks and the Romans. Fisher informs the readers that the term, 'stigma,' or 'stigmata,' is the basis for the concept of tattooing. As the first tattoo was used to mark criminals and slaves, it is based on a stigma that identies the 'other person,' as different from the rest. The ethno cultural context today has proven to be young American people, with men being the main demographic group to get tattooed, recently however, women have taken up a larger percent of this population. Fisher explains that in the way that tattoos were a stigma in the past for criminals and slaves, today they have turned into a stigma for expression, instead of condemnation.
2. An Encyclopedia Britannica Company, 1982. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.
This source was significant in that it provided the definitions of piercings, tattoos and the practice of scarification. The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines tattooing as a "permanent mark or design made on the skin by a process of pricking and ingraining an indelible pigment or by raising scars." It also defines piercings as, "the practice or an instance of adhorning the body with jewelry or ornamentation that penetrates the flesh." Finally it defines scarification as, "the act or process of scarifying or a mark made by scarifying." Throughout this website, I have been able to use these definitions to set a background for each of my informative pages.
3. Robers,P.Lucy. September 12, 2004. History of Body Piercings-Ancient and Fascinating Around the World. Retrieved on May 7th, 2013. http://enzinearticles.com/?The-History-of-Body-Piercings---Ancient-and-Fascinating-Around-the-World&id=2948
This resource was significant in that it gave a step by step, detailed account of the history of Body Piercings. Throughout the resource, several instances where society has had a resurgance of interest in Body Piercings. The first resurgance takes place in Eqyptian culture where they loved to adhorn themselves with elaborate fashions, therefore their body piercings reflected love of beauty. The second resurgance is seen in the time of Rome, mainly as a badge of honour amoung Roman Centurians, their body piercings were not necessarily to serve the purpose of beauty. Next were the Aztecs, Mayan and American Indian settlers, who seemed to place their interest in tongue piercings as religious rituals. Next came the Victorian and Elizabethan eras, men and women were seemingly infatuated in peircing their nipples and other sexual body parts for "pleasure." The last resurgance appeared in the 1980's amoung U.S. citizens, once mainstream celebrities became involved, there was no stopping the trend this time.
4. M in General Society. January 12, 2013. Body Piercing is increasing in popularity amoung youth today but their is no consensus as to reasons behind the trend. Retrieved on May 7th, 2013. http://jottedlines.com/society/body-piercing-is-increasing-in-popularity
This resource was significant in that it outlined the ethno cultural context of Body Piercing, which demographic population is most likely to engage in body piercings, and why this form of body modification is chosen. In the United States, it has been estimated that 1 in 5 females either peirces her body or gets a tattoo, therefore making the practice of body piercing, more prevelant amoung females. Although the female population is overtaking the body piercing phenomenon, males have been known to participate at some level. Where females are more likely to pierce a revealed body part to show it off, males are more likely to pierce a sexual body part such as nipples or genitals. An individual may choose to obtain a piercing to be fashionable and because they "have always wanted one." People from other walks of life, veiw this trend differently in the sense that they wish to have ownership and control of their own physiques.
5. National Geographic Society. October 28, 2010. Scarification: Ancient Body Art Leaving New Marks, National Geographic. Pg. 1. Retrieved on May 7th, 2013. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/07/0728-tvtabooscars_2.html
This source was significant in that it briefly describes both the ethno cultural context and the historical context, while explaining why the practice is used. This practice is most common amoung native cultures, such as Papua New Guinea's Sepik region. They use scarification as a rite of passage for young men, with the belief that crocodiles created humans. Another native culture that practices scarification are the Aboriginal people in Australia, who believe that tribe members without scarified skin are not permitted to participate in many tribal activities. The history of scarification is the exact same as that of the tattoo, with only slight differences.